(function(global, document) {

    // Popcorn.js does not support archaic browsers
    if ( !document.addEventListener ) {
        global.Popcorn = {
            isSupported: false
        };

        var methods = ( "byId forEach extend effects error guid sizeOf isArray nop position disable enable destroy" +
            "addTrackEvent removeTrackEvent getTrackEvents getTrackEvent getLastTrackEventId " +
            "timeUpdate plugin removePlugin compose effect xhr getJSONP getScript" ).split(/\s+/);

        while ( methods.length ) {
            global.Popcorn[ methods.shift() ] = function() {};
        }
        return;
    }

    var

        AP = Array.prototype,
        OP = Object.prototype,

        forEach = AP.forEach,
        slice = AP.slice,
        hasOwn = OP.hasOwnProperty,
        toString = OP.toString,

        // Copy global Popcorn (may not exist)
        _Popcorn = global.Popcorn,

        //  Ready fn cache
        readyStack = [],
        readyBound = false,
        readyFired = false,

        //  Non-public internal data object
        internal = {
            events: {
                hash: {},
                apis: {}
            }
        },

        //  Non-public `requestAnimFrame`
        //  http://paulirish.com/2011/requestanimationframe-for-smart-animating/
        requestAnimFrame = (function(){
            return global.requestAnimationFrame ||
                global.webkitRequestAnimationFrame ||
                global.mozRequestAnimationFrame ||
                global.oRequestAnimationFrame ||
                global.msRequestAnimationFrame ||
                function( callback, element ) {
                    global.setTimeout( callback, 16 );
                };
        }()),

        //  Non-public `getKeys`, return an object's keys as an array
        getKeys = function( obj ) {
            return Object.keys ? Object.keys( obj ) : (function( obj ) {
                var item,
                    list = [];

                for ( item in obj ) {
                    if ( hasOwn.call( obj, item ) ) {
                        list.push( item );
                    }
                }
                return list;
            })( obj );
        },

        Abstract = {
            // [[Put]] props from dictionary onto |this|
            // MUST BE CALLED FROM WITHIN A CONSTRUCTOR:
            //  Abstract.put.call( this, dictionary );
            put: function( dictionary ) {
                // For each own property of src, let key be the property key
                // and desc be the property descriptor of the property.
                for ( var key in dictionary ) {
                    if ( dictionary.hasOwnProperty( key ) ) {
                        this[ key ] = dictionary[ key ];
                    }
                }
            }
        },


        //  Declare constructor
        //  Returns an instance object.
        Popcorn = function( entity, options ) {
            //  Return new Popcorn object
            return new Popcorn.p.init( entity, options || null );
        };

    //  Popcorn API version, automatically inserted via build system.
    Popcorn.version = "@VERSION";

    //  Boolean flag allowing a client to determine if Popcorn can be supported
    Popcorn.isSupported = true;

    //  Instance caching
    Popcorn.instances = [];

    //  Declare a shortcut (Popcorn.p) to and a definition of
    //  the new prototype for our Popcorn constructor
    Popcorn.p = Popcorn.prototype = {

        init: function( entity, options ) {

            var matches, nodeName,
                self = this;

            //  Supports Popcorn(function () { /../ })
            //  Originally proposed by Daniel Brooks

            if ( typeof entity === "function" ) {

                //  If document ready has already fired
                if ( document.readyState === "complete" ) {

                    entity( document, Popcorn );

                    return;
                }
                //  Add `entity` fn to ready stack
                readyStack.push( entity );

                //  This process should happen once per page load
                if ( !readyBound ) {

                    //  set readyBound flag
                    readyBound = true;

                    var DOMContentLoaded  = function() {

                        readyFired = true;

                        //  Remove global DOM ready listener
                        document.removeEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", DOMContentLoaded, false );

                        //  Execute all ready function in the stack
                        for ( var i = 0, readyStackLength = readyStack.length; i < readyStackLength; i++ ) {

                            readyStack[ i ].call( document, Popcorn );

                        }
                        //  GC readyStack
                        readyStack = null;
                    };

                    //  Register global DOM ready listener
                    document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", DOMContentLoaded, false );
                }

                return;
            }

            if ( typeof entity === "string" ) {
                try {
                    matches = document.querySelector( entity );
                } catch( e ) {
                    throw new Error( "Popcorn.js Error: Invalid media element selector: " + entity );
                }
            }

            //  Get media element by id or object reference
            this.media = matches || entity;

            //  inner reference to this media element's nodeName string value
            nodeName = ( this.media.nodeName && this.media.nodeName.toLowerCase() ) || "video";

            //  Create an audio or video element property reference
            this[ nodeName ] = this.media;

            this.options = Popcorn.extend( {}, options ) || {};

            //  Resolve custom ID or default prefixed ID
            this.id = this.options.id || Popcorn.guid( nodeName );

            //  Throw if an attempt is made to use an ID that already exists
            if ( Popcorn.byId( this.id ) ) {
                throw new Error( "Popcorn.js Error: Cannot use duplicate ID (" + this.id + ")" );
            }

            this.isDestroyed = false;

            this.data = {

                // data structure of all
                running: {
                    cue: []
                },

                // Executed by either timeupdate event or in rAF loop
                timeUpdate: Popcorn.nop,

                // Allows disabling a plugin per instance
                disabled: {},

                // Stores DOM event queues by type
                events: {},

                // Stores Special event hooks data
                hooks: {},

                // Store track event history data
                history: [],

                // Stores ad-hoc state related data]
                state: {
                    volume: this.media.volume
                },

                // Store track event object references by trackId
                trackRefs: {},

                // Playback track event queues
                trackEvents: new TrackEvents( this )
            };

            //  Register new instance
            Popcorn.instances.push( this );

            //  function to fire when video is ready
            var isReady = function() {

                // chrome bug: http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=119598
                // it is possible the video's time is less than 0
                // this has the potential to call track events more than once, when they should not
                // start: 0, end: 1 will start, end, start again, when it should just start
                // just setting it to 0 if it is below 0 fixes this issue
                if ( self.media.currentTime < 0 ) {

                    self.media.currentTime = 0;
                }

                self.media.removeEventListener( "loadedmetadata", isReady, false );

                var duration, videoDurationPlus,
                    runningPlugins, runningPlugin, rpLength, rpNatives;

                //  Adding padding to the front and end of the arrays
                //  this is so we do not fall off either end
                duration = self.media.duration;

                //  Check for no duration info (NaN)
                videoDurationPlus = duration != duration ? Number.MAX_VALUE : duration + 1;

                Popcorn.addTrackEvent( self, {
                    start: videoDurationPlus,
                    end: videoDurationPlus
                });

                if ( !self.isDestroyed ) {
                    self.data.durationChange = function() {
                        var newDuration = self.media.duration,
                            newDurationPlus = newDuration + 1,
                            byStart = self.data.trackEvents.byStart,
                            byEnd = self.data.trackEvents.byEnd;

                        // Remove old padding events
                        byStart.pop();
                        byEnd.pop();

                        // Remove any internal tracking of events that have end times greater than duration
                        // otherwise their end events will never be hit.
                        for ( var k = byEnd.length - 1; k > 0; k-- ) {
                            if ( byEnd[ k ].end > newDuration ) {
                                self.removeTrackEvent( byEnd[ k ]._id );
                            }
                        }

                        // Remove any internal tracking of events that have end times greater than duration
                        // otherwise their end events will never be hit.
                        for ( var i = 0; i < byStart.length; i++ ) {
                            if ( byStart[ i ].end > newDuration ) {
                                self.removeTrackEvent( byStart[ i ]._id );
                            }
                        }

                        // References to byEnd/byStart are reset, so accessing it this way is
                        // forced upon us.
                        self.data.trackEvents.byEnd.push({
                            start: newDurationPlus,
                            end: newDurationPlus
                        });

                        self.data.trackEvents.byStart.push({
                            start: newDurationPlus,
                            end: newDurationPlus
                        });
                    };

                    // Listen for duration changes and adjust internal tracking of event timings
                    self.media.addEventListener( "durationchange", self.data.durationChange, false );
                }

                if ( self.options.frameAnimation ) {

                    //  if Popcorn is created with frameAnimation option set to true,
                    //  requestAnimFrame is used instead of "timeupdate" media event.
                    //  This is for greater frame time accuracy, theoretically up to
                    //  60 frames per second as opposed to ~4 ( ~every 15-250ms)
                    self.data.timeUpdate = function () {

                        Popcorn.timeUpdate( self, {} );

                        // fire frame for each enabled active plugin of every type
                        Popcorn.forEach( Popcorn.manifest, function( key, val ) {

                            runningPlugins = self.data.running[ val ];

                            // ensure there are running plugins on this type on this instance
                            if ( runningPlugins ) {

                                rpLength = runningPlugins.length;
                                for ( var i = 0; i < rpLength; i++ ) {

                                    runningPlugin = runningPlugins[ i ];
                                    rpNatives = runningPlugin._natives;
                                    rpNatives && rpNatives.frame &&
                                    rpNatives.frame.call( self, {}, runningPlugin, self.currentTime() );
                                }
                            }
                        });

                        self.emit( "timeupdate" );

                        !self.isDestroyed && requestAnimFrame( self.data.timeUpdate );
                    };

                    !self.isDestroyed && requestAnimFrame( self.data.timeUpdate );

                } else {

                    self.data.timeUpdate = function( event ) {
                        Popcorn.timeUpdate( self, event );
                    };

                    if ( !self.isDestroyed ) {
                        self.media.addEventListener( "timeupdate", self.data.timeUpdate, false );
                    }
                }
            };

            self.media.addEventListener( "error", function() {
                self.error = self.media.error;
            }, false );

            // http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#dom-media-readystate
            //
            // If media is in readyState (rS) >= 1, we know the media's duration,
            // which is required before running the isReady function.
            // If rS is 0, attach a listener for "loadedmetadata",
            // ( Which indicates that the media has moved from rS 0 to 1 )
            //
            // This has been changed from a check for rS 2 because
            // in certain conditions, Firefox can enter this code after dropping
            // to rS 1 from a higher state such as 2 or 3. This caused a "loadeddata"
            // listener to be attached to the media object, an event that had
            // already triggered and would not trigger again. This left Popcorn with an
            // instance that could never start a timeUpdate loop.
            if ( self.media.readyState >= 1 ) {

                isReady();
            } else {

                self.media.addEventListener( "loadedmetadata", isReady, false );
            }

            return this;
        }
    };

    //  Extend constructor prototype to instance prototype
    //  Allows chaining methods to instances
    Popcorn.p.init.prototype = Popcorn.p;

    Popcorn.byId = function( str ) {
        var instances = Popcorn.instances,
            length = instances.length,
            i = 0;

        for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
            if ( instances[ i ].id === str ) {
                return instances[ i ];
            }
        }

        return null;
    };

    Popcorn.forEach = function( obj, fn, context ) {

        if ( !obj || !fn ) {
            return {};
        }

        context = context || this;

        var key, len;

        // Use native whenever possible
        if ( forEach && obj.forEach === forEach ) {
            return obj.forEach( fn, context );
        }

        if ( toString.call( obj ) === "[object NodeList]" ) {
            for ( key = 0, len = obj.length; key < len; key++ ) {
                fn.call( context, obj[ key ], key, obj );
            }
            return obj;
        }

        for ( key in obj ) {
            if ( hasOwn.call( obj, key ) ) {
                fn.call( context, obj[ key ], key, obj );
            }
        }
        return obj;
    };

    Popcorn.extend = function( obj ) {
        var dest = obj, src = slice.call( arguments, 1 );

        Popcorn.forEach( src, function( copy ) {
            for ( var prop in copy ) {
                dest[ prop ] = copy[ prop ];
            }
        });

        return dest;
    };


    // A Few reusable utils, memoized onto Popcorn
    Popcorn.extend( Popcorn, {
        noConflict: function( deep ) {

            if ( deep ) {
                global.Popcorn = _Popcorn;
            }

            return Popcorn;
        },
        error: function( msg ) {
            throw new Error( msg );
        },
        guid: function( prefix ) {
            Popcorn.guid.counter++;
            return  ( prefix ? prefix : "" ) + ( +new Date() + Popcorn.guid.counter );
        },
        sizeOf: function( obj ) {
            var size = 0;

            for ( var prop in obj ) {
                size++;
            }

            return size;
        },
        isArray: Array.isArray || function( array ) {
            return toString.call( array ) === "[object Array]";
        },

        nop: function() {},

        position: function( elem ) {

            if ( !elem.parentNode ) {
                return null;
            }

            var clientRect = elem.getBoundingClientRect(),
                bounds = {},
                doc = elem.ownerDocument,
                docElem = document.documentElement,
                body = document.body,
                clientTop, clientLeft, scrollTop, scrollLeft, top, left;

            //  Determine correct clientTop/Left
            clientTop = docElem.clientTop || body.clientTop || 0;
            clientLeft = docElem.clientLeft || body.clientLeft || 0;

            //  Determine correct scrollTop/Left
            scrollTop = ( global.pageYOffset && docElem.scrollTop || body.scrollTop );
            scrollLeft = ( global.pageXOffset && docElem.scrollLeft || body.scrollLeft );

            //  Temp top/left
            top = Math.ceil( clientRect.top + scrollTop - clientTop );
            left = Math.ceil( clientRect.left + scrollLeft - clientLeft );

            for ( var p in clientRect ) {
                bounds[ p ] = Math.round( clientRect[ p ] );
            }

            return Popcorn.extend({}, bounds, { top: top, left: left });
        },

        disable: function( instance, plugin ) {

            if ( instance.data.disabled[ plugin ] ) {
                return;
            }

            instance.data.disabled[ plugin ] = true;

            if ( plugin in Popcorn.registryByName &&
                instance.data.running[ plugin ] ) {

                for ( var i = instance.data.running[ plugin ].length - 1, event; i >= 0; i-- ) {

                    event = instance.data.running[ plugin ][ i ];
                    event._natives.end.call( instance, null, event  );

                    instance.emit( "trackend",
                        Popcorn.extend({}, event, {
                            plugin: event.type,
                            type: "trackend"
                        })
                    );
                }
            }

            return instance;
        },
        enable: function( instance, plugin ) {

            if ( !instance.data.disabled[ plugin ] ) {
                return;
            }

            instance.data.disabled[ plugin ] = false;

            if ( plugin in Popcorn.registryByName &&
                instance.data.running[ plugin ] ) {

                for ( var i = instance.data.running[ plugin ].length - 1, event; i >= 0; i-- ) {

                    event = instance.data.running[ plugin ][ i ];
                    event._natives.start.call( instance, null, event  );

                    instance.emit( "trackstart",
                        Popcorn.extend({}, event, {
                            plugin: event.type,
                            type: "trackstart",
                            track: event
                        })
                    );
                }
            }

            return instance;
        },
        destroy: function( instance ) {
            var events = instance.data.events,
                trackEvents = instance.data.trackEvents,
                singleEvent, item, fn, plugin;

            //  Iterate through all events and remove them
            for ( item in events ) {
                singleEvent = events[ item ];
                for ( fn in singleEvent ) {
                    delete singleEvent[ fn ];
                }
                events[ item ] = null;
            }

            // remove all plugins off the given instance
            for ( plugin in Popcorn.registryByName ) {
                Popcorn.removePlugin( instance, plugin );
            }

            // Remove all data.trackEvents #1178
            trackEvents.byStart.length = 0;
            trackEvents.byEnd.length = 0;

            if ( !instance.isDestroyed ) {
                instance.data.timeUpdate && instance.media.removeEventListener( "timeupdate", instance.data.timeUpdate, false );
                instance.isDestroyed = true;
            }

            Popcorn.instances.splice( Popcorn.instances.indexOf( instance ), 1 );
        }
    });

    //  Memoized GUID Counter
    Popcorn.guid.counter = 1;

    //  Factory to implement getters, setters and controllers
    //  as Popcorn instance methods. The IIFE will create and return
    //  an object with defined methods
    Popcorn.extend(Popcorn.p, (function() {

            var methods = "load play pause currentTime playbackRate volume duration preload playbackRate " +
                "autoplay loop controls muted buffered readyState seeking paused played seekable ended",
                ret = {};


            //  Build methods, store in object that is returned and passed to extend
            Popcorn.forEach( methods.split( /\s+/g ), function( name ) {

                ret[ name ] = function( arg ) {
                    var previous;

                    if ( typeof this.media[ name ] === "function" ) {

                        // Support for shorthanded play(n)/pause(n) jump to currentTime
                        // If arg is not null or undefined and called by one of the
                        // allowed shorthandable methods, then set the currentTime
                        // Supports time as seconds or SMPTE
                        if ( arg != null && /play|pause/.test( name ) ) {
                            this.media.currentTime = Popcorn.util.toSeconds( arg );
                        }

                        this.media[ name ]();

                        return this;
                    }

                    if ( arg != null ) {
                        // Capture the current value of the attribute property
                        previous = this.media[ name ];

                        // Set the attribute property with the new value
                        this.media[ name ] = arg;

                        // If the new value is not the same as the old value
                        // emit an "attrchanged event"
                        if ( previous !== arg ) {
                            this.emit( "attrchange", {
                                attribute: name,
                                previousValue: previous,
                                currentValue: arg
                            });
                        }
                        return this;
                    }

                    return this.media[ name ];
                };
            });

            return ret;

        })()
    );

    Popcorn.forEach( "enable disable".split(" "), function( method ) {
        Popcorn.p[ method ] = function( plugin ) {
            return Popcorn[ method ]( this, plugin );
        };
    });

    Popcorn.extend(Popcorn.p, {

        //  Rounded currentTime
        roundTime: function() {
            return Math.round( this.media.currentTime );
        },

        //  Attach an event to a single point in time
        exec: function( id, time, fn ) {
            var length = arguments.length,
                eventType = "trackadded",
                trackEvent, sec, options;

            // Check if first could possibly be a SMPTE string
            // p.cue( "smpte string", fn );
            // try/catch avoid awful throw in Popcorn.util.toSeconds
            // TODO: Get rid of that, replace with NaN return?
            try {
                sec = Popcorn.util.toSeconds( id );
            } catch ( e ) {}

            // If it can be converted into a number then
            // it's safe to assume that the string was SMPTE
            if ( typeof sec === "number" ) {
                id = sec;
            }

            // Shift arguments based on use case
            //
            // Back compat for:
            // p.cue( time, fn );
            if ( typeof id === "number" && length === 2 ) {
                fn = time;
                time = id;
                id = Popcorn.guid( "cue" );
            } else {
                // Support for new forms

                // p.cue( "empty-cue" );
                if ( length === 1 ) {
                    // Set a time for an empty cue. It's not important what
                    // the time actually is, because the cue is a no-op
                    time = -1;

                } else {

                    // Get the TrackEvent that matches the given id.
                    trackEvent = this.getTrackEvent( id );

                    if ( trackEvent ) {

                        // remove existing cue so a new one can be added via trackEvents.add
                        this.data.trackEvents.remove( id );
                        TrackEvent.end( this, trackEvent );
                        // Update track event references
                        Popcorn.removeTrackEvent.ref( this, id );

                        eventType = "cuechange";

                        // p.cue( "my-id", 12 );
                        // p.cue( "my-id", function() { ... });
                        if ( typeof id === "string" && length === 2 ) {

                            // p.cue( "my-id", 12 );
                            // The path will update the cue time.
                            if ( typeof time === "number" ) {
                                // Re-use existing TrackEvent start callback
                                fn = trackEvent._natives.start;
                            }

                            // p.cue( "my-id", function() { ... });
                            // The path will update the cue function
                            if ( typeof time === "function" ) {
                                fn = time;
                                // Re-use existing TrackEvent start time
                                time = trackEvent.start;
                            }
                        }
                    } else {

                        if ( length >= 2 ) {

                            // p.cue( "a", "00:00:00");
                            if ( typeof time === "string" ) {
                                try {
                                    sec = Popcorn.util.toSeconds( time );
                                } catch ( e ) {}

                                time = sec;
                            }

                            // p.cue( "b", 11 );
                            // p.cue( "b", 11, function() {} );
                            if ( typeof time === "number" ) {
                                fn = fn || Popcorn.nop();
                            }

                            // p.cue( "c", function() {});
                            if ( typeof time === "function" ) {
                                fn = time;
                                time = -1;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            options = {
                id: id,
                start: time,
                end: time + 1,
                _running: false,
                _natives: {
                    start: fn || Popcorn.nop,
                    end: Popcorn.nop,
                    type: "cue"
                }
            };

            if ( trackEvent ) {
                options = Popcorn.extend( trackEvent, options );
            }

            if ( eventType === "cuechange" ) {

                //  Supports user defined track event id
                options._id = options.id || options._id || Popcorn.guid( options._natives.type );

                this.data.trackEvents.add( options );
                TrackEvent.start( this, options );

                this.timeUpdate( this, null, true );

                // Store references to user added trackevents in ref table
                Popcorn.addTrackEvent.ref( this, options );

                this.emit( eventType, Popcorn.extend({}, options, {
                    id: id,
                    type: eventType,
                    previousValue: {
                        time: trackEvent.start,
                        fn: trackEvent._natives.start
                    },
                    currentValue: {
                        time: time,
                        fn: fn || Popcorn.nop
                    },
                    track: trackEvent
                }));
            } else {
                //  Creating a one second track event with an empty end
                Popcorn.addTrackEvent( this, options );
            }

            return this;
        },

        // Mute the calling media, optionally toggle
        mute: function( toggle ) {

            var event = toggle == null || toggle === true ? "muted" : "unmuted";

            // If `toggle` is explicitly `false`,
            // unmute the media and restore the volume level
            if ( event === "unmuted" ) {
                this.media.muted = false;
                this.media.volume = this.data.state.volume;
            }

            // If `toggle` is either null or undefined,
            // save the current volume and mute the media element
            if ( event === "muted" ) {
                this.data.state.volume = this.media.volume;
                this.media.muted = true;
            }

            // Trigger either muted|unmuted event
            this.emit( event );

            return this;
        },

        // Convenience method, unmute the calling media
        unmute: function( toggle ) {

            return this.mute( toggle == null ? false : !toggle );
        },

        // Get the client bounding box of an instance element
        position: function() {
            return Popcorn.position( this.media );
        },

        // Toggle a plugin's playback behaviour (on or off) per instance
        toggle: function( plugin ) {
            return Popcorn[ this.data.disabled[ plugin ] ? "enable" : "disable" ]( this, plugin );
        },

        // Set default values for plugin options objects per instance
        defaults: function( plugin, defaults ) {

            // If an array of default configurations is provided,
            // iterate and apply each to this instance
            if ( Popcorn.isArray( plugin ) ) {

                Popcorn.forEach( plugin, function( obj ) {
                    for ( var name in obj ) {
                        this.defaults( name, obj[ name ] );
                    }
                }, this );

                return this;
            }

            if ( !this.options.defaults ) {
                this.options.defaults = {};
            }

            if ( !this.options.defaults[ plugin ] ) {
                this.options.defaults[ plugin ] = {};
            }

            Popcorn.extend( this.options.defaults[ plugin ], defaults );

            return this;
        }
    });

    Popcorn.Events  = {
        UIEvents: "blur focus focusin focusout load resize scroll unload",
        MouseEvents: "mousedown mouseup mousemove mouseover mouseout mouseenter mouseleave click dblclick",
        Events: "loadstart progress suspend emptied stalled play pause error " +
        "loadedmetadata loadeddata waiting playing canplay canplaythrough " +
        "seeking seeked timeupdate ended ratechange durationchange volumechange"
    };

    Popcorn.Events.Natives = Popcorn.Events.UIEvents + " " +
        Popcorn.Events.MouseEvents + " " +
        Popcorn.Events.Events;

    internal.events.apiTypes = [ "UIEvents", "MouseEvents", "Events" ];

    // Privately compile events table at load time
    (function( events, data ) {

        var apis = internal.events.apiTypes,
            eventsList = events.Natives.split( /\s+/g ),
            idx = 0, len = eventsList.length, prop;

        for( ; idx < len; idx++ ) {
            data.hash[ eventsList[idx] ] = true;
        }

        apis.forEach(function( val, idx ) {

            data.apis[ val ] = {};

            var apiEvents = events[ val ].split( /\s+/g ),
                len = apiEvents.length,
                k = 0;

            for ( ; k < len; k++ ) {
                data.apis[ val ][ apiEvents[ k ] ] = true;
            }
        });
    })( Popcorn.Events, internal.events );

    Popcorn.events = {

        isNative: function( type ) {
            return !!internal.events.hash[ type ];
        },
        getInterface: function( type ) {

            if ( !Popcorn.events.isNative( type ) ) {
                return false;
            }

            var eventApi = internal.events,
                apis = eventApi.apiTypes,
                apihash = eventApi.apis,
                idx = 0, len = apis.length, api, tmp;

            for ( ; idx < len; idx++ ) {
                tmp = apis[ idx ];

                if ( apihash[ tmp ][ type ] ) {
                    api = tmp;
                    break;
                }
            }
            return api;
        },
        //  Compile all native events to single array
        all: Popcorn.Events.Natives.split( /\s+/g ),
        //  Defines all Event handling static functions
        fn: {
            trigger: function( type, data ) {
                var eventInterface, evt, clonedEvents,
                    events = this.data.events[ type ];

                //  setup checks for custom event system
                if ( events ) {
                    eventInterface  = Popcorn.events.getInterface( type );

                    if ( eventInterface ) {
                        evt = document.createEvent( eventInterface );
                        evt.initEvent( type, true, true, global, 1 );

                        this.media.dispatchEvent( evt );

                        return this;
                    }

                    // clone events in case callbacks remove callbacks themselves
                    clonedEvents = events.slice();

                    // iterate through all callbacks
                    while ( clonedEvents.length ) {
                        clonedEvents.shift().call( this, data );
                    }
                }

                return this;
            },
            listen: function( type, fn ) {
                var self = this,
                    hasEvents = true,
                    eventHook = Popcorn.events.hooks[ type ],
                    origType = type,
                    clonedEvents,
                    tmp;

                if ( typeof fn !== "function" ) {
                    throw new Error( "Popcorn.js Error: Listener is not a function" );
                }

                // Setup event registry entry
                if ( !this.data.events[ type ] ) {
                    this.data.events[ type ] = [];
                    // Toggle if the previous assumption was untrue
                    hasEvents = false;
                }

                // Check and setup event hooks
                if ( eventHook ) {
                    // Execute hook add method if defined
                    if ( eventHook.add ) {
                        eventHook.add.call( this, {}, fn );
                    }

                    // Reassign event type to our piggyback event type if defined
                    if ( eventHook.bind ) {
                        type = eventHook.bind;
                    }

                    // Reassign handler if defined
                    if ( eventHook.handler ) {
                        tmp = fn;

                        fn = function wrapper( event ) {
                            eventHook.handler.call( self, event, tmp );
                        };
                    }

                    // assume the piggy back event is registered
                    hasEvents = true;

                    // Setup event registry entry
                    if ( !this.data.events[ type ] ) {
                        this.data.events[ type ] = [];
                        // Toggle if the previous assumption was untrue
                        hasEvents = false;
                    }
                }

                //  Register event and handler
                this.data.events[ type ].push( fn );

                // only attach one event of any type
                if ( !hasEvents && Popcorn.events.all.indexOf( type ) > -1 ) {
                    this.media.addEventListener( type, function( event ) {
                        if ( self.data.events[ type ] ) {
                            // clone events in case callbacks remove callbacks themselves
                            clonedEvents = self.data.events[ type ].slice();

                            // iterate through all callbacks
                            while ( clonedEvents.length ) {
                                clonedEvents.shift().call( self, event );
                            }
                        }
                    }, false );
                }
                return this;
            },
            unlisten: function( type, fn ) {
                var ind,
                    events = this.data.events[ type ];

                if ( !events ) {
                    return; // no listeners = nothing to do
                }

                if ( typeof fn === "string" ) {
                    // legacy support for string-based removal -- not recommended
                    for ( var i = 0; i < events.length; i++ ) {
                        if ( events[ i ].name === fn ) {
                            // decrement i because array length just got smaller
                            events.splice( i--, 1 );
                        }
                    }

                    return this;
                } else if ( typeof fn === "function" ) {
                    while( ind !== -1 ) {
                        ind = events.indexOf( fn );
                        if ( ind !== -1 ) {
                            events.splice( ind, 1 );
                        }
                    }

                    return this;
                }

                // if we got to this point, we are deleting all functions of this type
                this.data.events[ type ] = null;

                return this;
            }
        },
        hooks: {
            canplayall: {
                bind: "canplaythrough",
                add: function( event, callback ) {

                    var state = false;

                    if ( this.media.readyState ) {

                        // always call canplayall asynchronously
                        setTimeout(function() {
                            callback.call( this, event );
                        }.bind(this), 0 );

                        state = true;
                    }

                    this.data.hooks.canplayall = {
                        fired: state
                    };
                },
                // declare special handling instructions
                handler: function canplayall( event, callback ) {

                    if ( !this.data.hooks.canplayall.fired ) {
                        // trigger original user callback once
                        callback.call( this, event );

                        this.data.hooks.canplayall.fired = true;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    };

    //  Extend Popcorn.events.fns (listen, unlisten, trigger) to all Popcorn instances
    //  Extend aliases (on, off, emit)
    Popcorn.forEach( [ [ "trigger", "emit" ], [ "listen", "on" ], [ "unlisten", "off" ] ], function( key ) {
        Popcorn.p[ key[ 0 ] ] = Popcorn.p[ key[ 1 ] ] = Popcorn.events.fn[ key[ 0 ] ];
    });

    // Internal Only - construct simple "TrackEvent"
    // data type objects
    function TrackEvent( track ) {
        Abstract.put.call( this, track );
    }

    // Determine if a TrackEvent's "start" and "trackstart" must be called.
    TrackEvent.start = function( instance, track ) {

        if ( track.end > instance.media.currentTime &&
            track.start <= instance.media.currentTime && !track._running ) {

            track._running = true;
            instance.data.running[ track._natives.type ].push( track );

            if ( !instance.data.disabled[ track._natives.type ] ) {

                track._natives.start.call( instance, null, track );

                instance.emit( "trackstart",
                    Popcorn.extend( {}, track, {
                        plugin: track._natives.type,
                        type: "trackstart",
                        track: track
                    })
                );
            }
        }
    };

    // Determine if a TrackEvent's "end" and "trackend" must be called.
    TrackEvent.end = function( instance, track ) {

        var runningPlugins;

        if ( ( track.end <= instance.media.currentTime ||
                track.start > instance.media.currentTime ) && track._running ) {

            runningPlugins = instance.data.running[ track._natives.type ];

            track._running = false;
            runningPlugins.splice( runningPlugins.indexOf( track ), 1 );

            if ( !instance.data.disabled[ track._natives.type ] ) {

                track._natives.end.call( instance, null, track );

                instance.emit( "trackend",
                    Popcorn.extend( {}, track, {
                        plugin: track._natives.type,
                        type: "trackend",
                        track: track
                    })
                );
            }
        }
    };

    // Internal Only - construct "TrackEvents"
    // data type objects that are used by the Popcorn
    // instance, stored at p.data.trackEvents
    function TrackEvents( parent ) {
        this.parent = parent;

        this.byStart = [{
            start: -1,
            end: -1
        }];

        this.byEnd = [{
            start: -1,
            end: -1
        }];
        this.animating = [];
        this.startIndex = 0;
        this.endIndex = 0;
        this.previousUpdateTime = -1;

        this.count = 1;
    }

    function isMatch( obj, key, value ) {
        return obj[ key ] && obj[ key ] === value;
    }

    TrackEvents.prototype.where = function( params ) {
        return ( this.parent.getTrackEvents() || [] ).filter(function( event ) {
            var key, value;

            // If no explicit params, match all TrackEvents
            if ( !params ) {
                return true;
            }

            // Filter keys in params against both the top level properties
            // and the _natives properties
            for ( key in params ) {
                value = params[ key ];
                if ( isMatch( event, key, value ) || isMatch( event._natives, key, value ) ) {
                    return true;
                }
            }
            return false;
        });
    };

    TrackEvents.prototype.add = function( track ) {

        //  Store this definition in an array sorted by times
        var byStart = this.byStart,
            byEnd = this.byEnd,
            startIndex, endIndex;

        //  Push track event ids into the history
        if ( track && track._id ) {
            this.parent.data.history.push( track._id );
        }

        track.start = Popcorn.util.toSeconds( track.start, this.parent.options.framerate );
        track.end   = Popcorn.util.toSeconds( track.end, this.parent.options.framerate );

        for ( startIndex = byStart.length - 1; startIndex >= 0; startIndex-- ) {

            if ( track.start >= byStart[ startIndex ].start ) {
                byStart.splice( startIndex + 1, 0, track );
                break;
            }
        }

        for ( endIndex = byEnd.length - 1; endIndex >= 0; endIndex-- ) {

            if ( track.end > byEnd[ endIndex ].end ) {
                byEnd.splice( endIndex + 1, 0, track );
                break;
            }
        }

        // update startIndex and endIndex
        if ( startIndex <= this.parent.data.trackEvents.startIndex &&
            track.start <= this.parent.data.trackEvents.previousUpdateTime ) {

            this.parent.data.trackEvents.startIndex++;
        }

        if ( endIndex <= this.parent.data.trackEvents.endIndex &&
            track.end < this.parent.data.trackEvents.previousUpdateTime ) {

            this.parent.data.trackEvents.endIndex++;
        }

        this.count++;

    };

    TrackEvents.prototype.remove = function( removeId, state ) {

        if ( removeId instanceof TrackEvent ) {
            removeId = removeId.id;
        }

        if ( typeof removeId === "object" ) {
            // Filter by key=val and remove all matching TrackEvents
            this.where( removeId ).forEach(function( event ) {
                // |this| refers to the calling Popcorn "parent" instance
                this.removeTrackEvent( event._id );
            }, this.parent );

            return this;
        }

        var start, end, animate, historyLen, track,
            length = this.byStart.length,
            index = 0,
            indexWasAt = 0,
            byStart = [],
            byEnd = [],
            animating = [],
            history = [],
            comparable = {};

        state = state || {};

        while ( --length > -1 ) {
            start = this.byStart[ index ];
            end = this.byEnd[ index ];

            // Padding events will not have _id properties.
            // These should be safely pushed onto the front and back of the
            // track event array
            if ( !start._id ) {
                byStart.push( start );
                byEnd.push( end );
            }

            // Filter for user track events (vs system track events)
            if ( start._id ) {

                // If not a matching start event for removal
                if ( start._id !== removeId ) {
                    byStart.push( start );
                }

                // If not a matching end event for removal
                if ( end._id !== removeId ) {
                    byEnd.push( end );
                }

                // If the _id is matched, capture the current index
                if ( start._id === removeId ) {
                    indexWasAt = index;

                    // cache the track event being removed
                    track = start;
                }
            }
            // Increment the track index
            index++;
        }

        // Reset length to be used by the condition below to determine
        // if animating track events should also be filtered for removal.
        // Reset index below to be used by the reverse while as an
        // incrementing counter
        length = this.animating.length;
        index = 0;

        if ( length ) {
            while ( --length > -1 ) {
                animate = this.animating[ index ];

                // Padding events will not have _id properties.
                // These should be safely pushed onto the front and back of the
                // track event array
                if ( !animate._id ) {
                    animating.push( animate );
                }

                // If not a matching animate event for removal
                if ( animate._id && animate._id !== removeId ) {
                    animating.push( animate );
                }
                // Increment the track index
                index++;
            }
        }

        //  Update
        if ( indexWasAt <= this.startIndex ) {
            this.startIndex--;
        }

        if ( indexWasAt <= this.endIndex ) {
            this.endIndex--;
        }

        this.byStart = byStart;
        this.byEnd = byEnd;
        this.animating = animating;
        this.count--;

        historyLen = this.parent.data.history.length;

        for ( var i = 0; i < historyLen; i++ ) {
            if ( this.parent.data.history[ i ] !== removeId ) {
                history.push( this.parent.data.history[ i ] );
            }
        }

        // Update ordered history array
        this.parent.data.history = history;

    };

    // Helper function used to retrieve old values of properties that
    // are provided for update.
    function getPreviousProperties( oldOptions, newOptions ) {
        var matchProps = {};

        for ( var prop in oldOptions ) {
            if ( hasOwn.call( newOptions, prop ) && hasOwn.call( oldOptions, prop ) ) {
                matchProps[ prop ] = oldOptions[ prop ];
            }
        }

        return matchProps;
    }

    // Internal Only - Adds track events to the instance object
    Popcorn.addTrackEvent = function( obj, track ) {
        var temp;

        if ( track instanceof TrackEvent ) {
            return;
        }

        track = new TrackEvent( track );

        // Determine if this track has default options set for it
        // If so, apply them to the track object
        if ( track && track._natives && track._natives.type &&
            ( obj.options.defaults && obj.options.defaults[ track._natives.type ] ) ) {

            // To ensure that the TrackEvent Invariant Policy is enforced,
            // First, copy the properties of the newly created track event event
            // to a temporary holder
            temp = Popcorn.extend( {}, track );

            // Next, copy the default onto the newly created trackevent, followed by the
            // temporary holder.
            Popcorn.extend( track, obj.options.defaults[ track._natives.type ], temp );
        }

        if ( track._natives ) {
            //  Supports user defined track event id
            track._id = track.id || track._id || Popcorn.guid( track._natives.type );

            // Trigger _setup method if exists
            if ( track._natives._setup ) {

                track._natives._setup.call( obj, track );

                obj.emit( "tracksetup", Popcorn.extend( {}, track, {
                    plugin: track._natives.type,
                    type: "tracksetup",
                    track: track
                }));
            }
        }

        obj.data.trackEvents.add( track );
        TrackEvent.start( obj, track );

        this.timeUpdate( obj, null, true );

        // Store references to user added trackevents in ref table
        if ( track._id ) {
            Popcorn.addTrackEvent.ref( obj, track );
        }

        obj.emit( "trackadded", Popcorn.extend({}, track,
            track._natives ? { plugin: track._natives.type } : {}, {
                type: "trackadded",
                track: track
            }));
    };

    // Internal Only - Adds track event references to the instance object's trackRefs hash table
    Popcorn.addTrackEvent.ref = function( obj, track ) {
        obj.data.trackRefs[ track._id ] = track;

        return obj;
    };

    Popcorn.removeTrackEvent = function( obj, removeId ) {
        var track = obj.getTrackEvent( removeId );

        if ( !track ) {
            return;
        }

        // If a _teardown function was defined,
        // enforce for track event removals
        if ( track._natives._teardown ) {
            track._natives._teardown.call( obj, track );
        }

        obj.data.trackEvents.remove( removeId );

        // Update track event references
        Popcorn.removeTrackEvent.ref( obj, removeId );

        if ( track._natives ) {

            // Fire a trackremoved event
            obj.emit( "trackremoved", Popcorn.extend({}, track, {
                plugin: track._natives.type,
                type: "trackremoved",
                track: track
            }));
        }
    };

    // Internal Only - Removes track event references from instance object's trackRefs hash table
    Popcorn.removeTrackEvent.ref = function( obj, removeId ) {
        delete obj.data.trackRefs[ removeId ];

        return obj;
    };

    // Return an array of track events bound to this instance object
    Popcorn.getTrackEvents = function( obj ) {

        var trackevents = [],
            refs = obj.data.trackEvents.byStart,
            length = refs.length,
            idx = 0,
            ref;

        for ( ; idx < length; idx++ ) {
            ref = refs[ idx ];
            // Return only user attributed track event references
            if ( ref._id ) {
                trackevents.push( ref );
            }
        }

        return trackevents;
    };

    // Internal Only - Returns an instance object's trackRefs hash table
    Popcorn.getTrackEvents.ref = function( obj ) {
        return obj.data.trackRefs;
    };

    // Return a single track event bound to this instance object
    Popcorn.getTrackEvent = function( obj, trackId ) {
        return obj.data.trackRefs[ trackId ];
    };

    // Internal Only - Returns an instance object's track reference by track id
    Popcorn.getTrackEvent.ref = function( obj, trackId ) {
        return obj.data.trackRefs[ trackId ];
    };

    Popcorn.getLastTrackEventId = function( obj ) {
        return obj.data.history[ obj.data.history.length - 1 ];
    };

    Popcorn.timeUpdate = function( obj, event ) {
        var currentTime = obj.media.currentTime,
            previousTime = obj.data.trackEvents.previousUpdateTime,
            tracks = obj.data.trackEvents,
            end = tracks.endIndex,
            start = tracks.startIndex,
            byStartLen = tracks.byStart.length,
            byEndLen = tracks.byEnd.length,
            registryByName = Popcorn.registryByName,
            trackstart = "trackstart",
            trackend = "trackend",

            byEnd, byStart, byAnimate, natives, type, runningPlugins;

        //  Playbar advancing
        if ( previousTime <= currentTime ) {

            while ( tracks.byEnd[ end ] && tracks.byEnd[ end ].end <= currentTime ) {

                byEnd = tracks.byEnd[ end ];
                natives = byEnd._natives;
                type = natives && natives.type;

                //  If plugin does not exist on this instance, remove it
                if ( !natives ||
                    ( !!registryByName[ type ] ||
                        !!obj[ type ] ) ) {

                    if ( byEnd._running === true ) {

                        byEnd._running = false;
                        runningPlugins = obj.data.running[ type ];
                        runningPlugins.splice( runningPlugins.indexOf( byEnd ), 1 );

                        if ( !obj.data.disabled[ type ] ) {

                            natives.end.call( obj, event, byEnd );

                            obj.emit( trackend,
                                Popcorn.extend({}, byEnd, {
                                    plugin: type,
                                    type: trackend,
                                    track: byEnd
                                })
                            );
                        }
                    }

                    end++;
                } else {
                    // remove track event
                    Popcorn.removeTrackEvent( obj, byEnd._id );
                    return;
                }
            }

            while ( tracks.byStart[ start ] && tracks.byStart[ start ].start <= currentTime ) {

                byStart = tracks.byStart[ start ];
                natives = byStart._natives;
                type = natives && natives.type;
                //  If plugin does not exist on this instance, remove it
                if ( !natives ||
                    ( !!registryByName[ type ] ||
                        !!obj[ type ] ) ) {
                    if ( byStart.end > currentTime &&
                        byStart._running === false ) {

                        byStart._running = true;
                        obj.data.running[ type ].push( byStart );

                        if ( !obj.data.disabled[ type ] ) {

                            natives.start.call( obj, event, byStart );

                            obj.emit( trackstart,
                                Popcorn.extend({}, byStart, {
                                    plugin: type,
                                    type: trackstart,
                                    track: byStart
                                })
                            );
                        }
                    }
                    start++;
                } else {
                    // remove track event
                    Popcorn.removeTrackEvent( obj, byStart._id );
                    return;
                }
            }

            // Playbar receding
        } else if ( previousTime > currentTime ) {

            while ( tracks.byStart[ start ] && tracks.byStart[ start ].start > currentTime ) {

                byStart = tracks.byStart[ start ];
                natives = byStart._natives;
                type = natives && natives.type;

                // if plugin does not exist on this instance, remove it
                if ( !natives ||
                    ( !!registryByName[ type ] ||
                        !!obj[ type ] ) ) {

                    if ( byStart._running === true ) {

                        byStart._running = false;
                        runningPlugins = obj.data.running[ type ];
                        runningPlugins.splice( runningPlugins.indexOf( byStart ), 1 );

                        if ( !obj.data.disabled[ type ] ) {

                            natives.end.call( obj, event, byStart );

                            obj.emit( trackend,
                                Popcorn.extend({}, byStart, {
                                    plugin: type,
                                    type: trackend,
                                    track: byStart
                                })
                            );
                        }
                    }
                    start--;
                } else {
                    // remove track event
                    Popcorn.removeTrackEvent( obj, byStart._id );
                    return;
                }
            }

            while ( tracks.byEnd[ end ] && tracks.byEnd[ end ].end > currentTime ) {

                byEnd = tracks.byEnd[ end ];
                natives = byEnd._natives;
                type = natives && natives.type;

                // if plugin does not exist on this instance, remove it
                if ( !natives ||
                    ( !!registryByName[ type ] ||
                        !!obj[ type ] ) ) {

                    if ( byEnd.start <= currentTime &&
                        byEnd._running === false ) {

                        byEnd._running = true;
                        obj.data.running[ type ].push( byEnd );

                        if ( !obj.data.disabled[ type ] ) {

                            natives.start.call( obj, event, byEnd );

                            obj.emit( trackstart,
                                Popcorn.extend({}, byEnd, {
                                    plugin: type,
                                    type: trackstart,
                                    track: byEnd
                                })
                            );
                        }
                    }
                    end--;
                } else {
                    // remove track event
                    Popcorn.removeTrackEvent( obj, byEnd._id );
                    return;
                }
            }
        }

        tracks.endIndex = end;
        tracks.startIndex = start;
        tracks.previousUpdateTime = currentTime;

        //enforce index integrity if trackRemoved
        tracks.byStart.length < byStartLen && tracks.startIndex--;
        tracks.byEnd.length < byEndLen && tracks.endIndex--;

    };

    //  Map and Extend TrackEvent functions to all Popcorn instances
    Popcorn.extend( Popcorn.p, {

        getTrackEvents: function() {
            return Popcorn.getTrackEvents.call( null, this );
        },

        getTrackEvent: function( id ) {
            return Popcorn.getTrackEvent.call( null, this, id );
        },

        getLastTrackEventId: function() {
            return Popcorn.getLastTrackEventId.call( null, this );
        },

        removeTrackEvent: function( id ) {

            Popcorn.removeTrackEvent.call( null, this, id );
            return this;
        },

        removePlugin: function( name ) {
            Popcorn.removePlugin.call( null, this, name );
            return this;
        },

        timeUpdate: function( event ) {
            Popcorn.timeUpdate.call( null, this, event );
            return this;
        },

        destroy: function() {
            Popcorn.destroy.call( null, this );
            return this;
        }
    });

    //  Plugin manifests
    Popcorn.manifest = {};
    //  Plugins are registered
    Popcorn.registry = [];
    Popcorn.registryByName = {};
    //  An interface for extending Popcorn
    //  with plugin functionality
    Popcorn.plugin = function( name, definition, manifest ) {

        if ( Popcorn.protect.natives.indexOf( name.toLowerCase() ) >= 0 ) {
            Popcorn.error( "'" + name + "' is a protected function name" );
            return;
        }

        //  Provides some sugar, but ultimately extends
        //  the definition into Popcorn.p
        var isfn = typeof definition === "function",
            blacklist = [ "start", "end", "type", "manifest" ],
            methods = [ "_setup", "_teardown", "start", "end", "frame" ],
            plugin = {},
            setup;

        // combines calls of two function calls into one
        var combineFn = function( first, second ) {

            first = first || Popcorn.nop;
            second = second || Popcorn.nop;

            return function() {
                first.apply( this, arguments );
                second.apply( this, arguments );
            };
        };

        //  If `manifest` arg is undefined, check for manifest within the `definition` object
        //  If no `definition.manifest`, an empty object is a sufficient fallback
        Popcorn.manifest[ name ] = manifest = manifest || definition.manifest || {};

        // apply safe, and empty default functions
        methods.forEach(function( method ) {
            definition[ method ] = safeTry( definition[ method ] || Popcorn.nop, name );
        });

        var pluginFn = function( setup, options ) {

            if ( !options ) {
                return this;
            }

            // When the "ranges" property is set and its value is an array, short-circuit
            // the pluginFn definition to recall itself with an options object generated from
            // each range object in the ranges array. (eg. { start: 15, end: 16 } )
            if ( options.ranges && Popcorn.isArray(options.ranges) ) {
                Popcorn.forEach( options.ranges, function( range ) {
                    // Create a fresh object, extend with current options
                    // and start/end range object's properties
                    // Works with in/out as well.
                    var opts = Popcorn.extend( {}, options, range );

                    // Remove the ranges property to prevent infinitely
                    // entering this condition
                    delete opts.ranges;

                    // Call the plugin with the newly created opts object
                    this[ name ]( opts );
                }, this);

                // Return the Popcorn instance to avoid creating an empty track event
                return this;
            }

            //  Storing the plugin natives
            var natives = options._natives = {},
                compose = "",
                originalOpts, manifestOpts;

            Popcorn.extend( natives, setup );

            options._natives.type = options._natives.plugin = name;
            options._running = false;

            natives.start = natives.start || natives[ "in" ];
            natives.end = natives.end || natives[ "out" ];

            if ( options.once ) {
                natives.end = combineFn( natives.end, function() {
                    this.removeTrackEvent( options._id );
                });
            }

            // extend teardown to always call end if running
            natives._teardown = combineFn(function() {

                var args = slice.call( arguments ),
                    runningPlugins = this.data.running[ natives.type ];

                // end function signature is not the same as teardown,
                // put null on the front of arguments for the event parameter
                args.unshift( null );

                // only call end if event is running
                args[ 1 ]._running &&
                runningPlugins.splice( runningPlugins.indexOf( options ), 1 ) &&
                natives.end.apply( this, args );

                args[ 1 ]._running = false;
                this.emit( "trackend",
                    Popcorn.extend( {}, options, {
                        plugin: natives.type,
                        type: "trackend",
                        track: Popcorn.getTrackEvent( this, options.id || options._id )
                    })
                );
            }, natives._teardown );

            // extend teardown to always trigger trackteardown after teardown
            natives._teardown = combineFn( natives._teardown, function() {

                this.emit( "trackteardown", Popcorn.extend( {}, options, {
                    plugin: name,
                    type: "trackteardown",
                    track: Popcorn.getTrackEvent( this, options.id || options._id )
                }));
            });

            // default to an empty string if no effect exists
            // split string into an array of effects
            options.compose = options.compose || [];
            if ( typeof options.compose === "string" ) {
                options.compose = options.compose.split( " " );
            }
            options.effect = options.effect || [];
            if ( typeof options.effect === "string" ) {
                options.effect = options.effect.split( " " );
            }

            // join the two arrays together
            options.compose = options.compose.concat( options.effect );

            options.compose.forEach(function( composeOption ) {

                // if the requested compose is garbage, throw it away
                compose = Popcorn.compositions[ composeOption ] || {};

                // extends previous functions with compose function
                methods.forEach(function( method ) {
                    natives[ method ] = combineFn( natives[ method ], compose[ method ] );
                });
            });

            //  Ensure a manifest object, an empty object is a sufficient fallback
            options._natives.manifest = manifest;

            //  Checks for expected properties
            if ( !( "start" in options ) ) {
                options.start = options[ "in" ] || 0;
            }

            if ( !options.end && options.end !== 0 ) {
                options.end = options[ "out" ] || Number.MAX_VALUE;
            }

            // Use hasOwn to detect non-inherited toString, since all
            // objects will receive a toString - its otherwise undetectable
            if ( !hasOwn.call( options, "toString" ) ) {
                options.toString = function() {
                    var props = [
                        "start: " + options.start,
                        "end: " + options.end,
                        "id: " + (options.id || options._id)
                    ];

                    // Matches null and undefined, allows: false, 0, "" and truthy
                    if ( options.target != null ) {
                        props.push( "target: " + options.target );
                    }

                    return name + " ( " + props.join(", ") + " )";
                };
            }

            // Resolves 239, 241, 242
            if ( !options.target ) {

                //  Sometimes the manifest may be missing entirely
                //  or it has an options object that doesn't have a `target` property
                manifestOpts = "options" in manifest && manifest.options;

                options.target = manifestOpts && "target" in manifestOpts && manifestOpts.target;
            }

            if ( !options._id && options._natives ) {
                // ensure an initial id is there before setup is called
                options._id = Popcorn.guid( options._natives.type );
            }

            if ( options instanceof TrackEvent ) {

                if ( options._natives ) {
                    //  Supports user defined track event id
                    options._id = options.id || options._id || Popcorn.guid( options._natives.type );

                    // Trigger _setup method if exists
                    if ( options._natives._setup ) {

                        options._natives._setup.call( this, options );

                        this.emit( "tracksetup", Popcorn.extend( {}, options, {
                            plugin: options._natives.type,
                            type: "tracksetup",
                            track: options
                        }));
                    }
                }

                this.data.trackEvents.add( options );
                TrackEvent.start( this, options );

                this.timeUpdate( this, null, true );

                // Store references to user added trackevents in ref table
                if ( options._id ) {
                    Popcorn.addTrackEvent.ref( this, options );
                }
            } else {
                // Create new track event for this instance
                Popcorn.addTrackEvent( this, options );
            }

            //  Future support for plugin event definitions
            //  for all of the native events
            Popcorn.forEach( setup, function( callback, type ) {
                // Don't attempt to create events for certain properties:
                // "start", "end", "type", "manifest". Fixes #1365
                if ( blacklist.indexOf( type ) === -1 ) {
                    this.on( type, callback );
                }
            }, this );

            return this;
        };

        //  Extend Popcorn.p with new named definition
        //  Assign new named definition
        Popcorn.p[ name ] = plugin[ name ] = function( id, options ) {
            var length = arguments.length,
                trackEvent, defaults, mergedSetupOpts, previousOpts, newOpts;

            // Shift arguments based on use case
            //
            // Back compat for:
            // p.plugin( options );
            if ( id && !options ) {
                options = id;
                id = null;
            } else {

                // Get the trackEvent that matches the given id.
                trackEvent = this.getTrackEvent( id );

                // If the track event does not exist, ensure that the options
                // object has a proper id
                if ( !trackEvent ) {
                    options.id = id;

                    // If the track event does exist, merge the updated properties
                } else {

                    newOpts = options;
                    previousOpts = getPreviousProperties( trackEvent, newOpts );

                    // Call the plugins defined update method if provided. Allows for
                    // custom defined updating for a track event to be defined by the plugin author
                    if ( trackEvent._natives._update ) {

                        this.data.trackEvents.remove( trackEvent );

                        // It's safe to say that the intent of Start/End will never change
                        // Update them first before calling update
                        if ( hasOwn.call( options, "start" ) ) {
                            trackEvent.start = options.start;
                        }

                        if ( hasOwn.call( options, "end" ) ) {
                            trackEvent.end = options.end;
                        }

                        TrackEvent.end( this, trackEvent );

                        if ( isfn ) {
                            definition.call( this, trackEvent );
                        }

                        trackEvent._natives._update.call( this, trackEvent, options );

                        this.data.trackEvents.add( trackEvent );
                        TrackEvent.start( this, trackEvent );
                    } else {
                        // This branch is taken when there is no explicitly defined
                        // _update method for a plugin. Which will occur either explicitly or
                        // as a result of the plugin definition being a function that _returns_
                        // a definition object.
                        //
                        // In either case, this path can ONLY be reached for TrackEvents that
                        // already exist.

                        // Directly update the TrackEvent instance.
                        // This supports TrackEvent invariant enforcement.
                        Popcorn.extend( trackEvent, options );

                        this.data.trackEvents.remove( id );

                        // If a _teardown function was defined,
                        // enforce for track event removals
                        if ( trackEvent._natives._teardown ) {
                            trackEvent._natives._teardown.call( this, trackEvent );
                        }

                        // Update track event references
                        Popcorn.removeTrackEvent.ref( this, id );

                        if ( isfn ) {
                            pluginFn.call( this, definition.call( this, trackEvent ), trackEvent );
                        } else {

                            //  Supports user defined track event id
                            trackEvent._id = trackEvent.id || trackEvent._id || Popcorn.guid( trackEvent._natives.type );

                            if ( trackEvent._natives && trackEvent._natives._setup ) {

                                trackEvent._natives._setup.call( this, trackEvent );

                                this.emit( "tracksetup", Popcorn.extend( {}, trackEvent, {
                                    plugin: trackEvent._natives.type,
                                    type: "tracksetup",
                                    track: trackEvent
                                }));
                            }

                            this.data.trackEvents.add( trackEvent );
                            TrackEvent.start( this, trackEvent );

                            this.timeUpdate( this, null, true );

                            // Store references to user added trackevents in ref table
                            Popcorn.addTrackEvent.ref( this, trackEvent );
                        }

                        // Fire an event with change information
                        this.emit( "trackchange", {
                            id: trackEvent.id,
                            type: "trackchange",
                            previousValue: previousOpts,
                            currentValue: trackEvent,
                            track: trackEvent
                        });

                        return this;
                    }

                    if ( trackEvent._natives.type !== "cue" ) {
                        // Fire an event with change information
                        this.emit( "trackchange", {
                            id: trackEvent.id,
                            type: "trackchange",
                            previousValue: previousOpts,
                            currentValue: newOpts,
                            track: trackEvent
                        });
                    }

                    return this;
                }
            }

            this.data.running[ name ] = this.data.running[ name ] || [];

            // Merge with defaults if they exist, make sure per call is prioritized
            defaults = ( this.options.defaults && this.options.defaults[ name ] ) || {};
            mergedSetupOpts = Popcorn.extend( {}, defaults, options );

            pluginFn.call( this, isfn ? definition.call( this, mergedSetupOpts ) : definition,
                mergedSetupOpts );

            return this;
        };

        // if the manifest parameter exists we should extend it onto the definition object
        // so that it shows up when calling Popcorn.registry and Popcorn.registryByName
        if ( manifest ) {
            Popcorn.extend( definition, {
                manifest: manifest
            });
        }

        //  Push into the registry
        var entry = {
            fn: plugin[ name ],
            definition: definition,
            base: definition,
            parents: [],
            name: name
        };
        Popcorn.registry.push(
            Popcorn.extend( plugin, entry, {
                type: name
            })
        );
        Popcorn.registryByName[ name ] = entry;

        return plugin;
    };

    // Storage for plugin function errors
    Popcorn.plugin.errors = [];

    // Returns wrapped plugin function
    function safeTry( fn, pluginName ) {
        return function() {

            //  When Popcorn.plugin.debug is true, do not suppress errors
            if ( Popcorn.plugin.debug ) {
                return fn.apply( this, arguments );
            }

            try {
                return fn.apply( this, arguments );
            } catch ( ex ) {

                // Push plugin function errors into logging queue
                Popcorn.plugin.errors.push({
                    plugin: pluginName,
                    thrown: ex,
                    source: fn.toString()
                });

                // Trigger an error that the instance can listen for
                // and react to
                this.emit( "pluginerror", Popcorn.plugin.errors );
            }
        };
    }

    // Debug-mode flag for plugin development
    // True for Popcorn development versions, false for stable/tagged versions
    Popcorn.plugin.debug = ( Popcorn.version === "@" + "VERSION" );

    //  removePlugin( type ) removes all tracks of that from all instances of popcorn
    //  removePlugin( obj, type ) removes all tracks of type from obj, where obj is a single instance of popcorn
    Popcorn.removePlugin = function( obj, name ) {

        //  Check if we are removing plugin from an instance or from all of Popcorn
        if ( !name ) {

            //  Fix the order
            name = obj;
            obj = Popcorn.p;

            if ( Popcorn.protect.natives.indexOf( name.toLowerCase() ) >= 0 ) {
                Popcorn.error( "'" + name + "' is a protected function name" );
                return;
            }

            var registryLen = Popcorn.registry.length,
                registryIdx;

            // remove plugin reference from registry
            for ( registryIdx = 0; registryIdx < registryLen; registryIdx++ ) {
                if ( Popcorn.registry[ registryIdx ].name === name ) {
                    Popcorn.registry.splice( registryIdx, 1 );
                    delete Popcorn.registryByName[ name ];
                    delete Popcorn.manifest[ name ];

                    // delete the plugin
                    delete obj[ name ];

                    // plugin found and removed, stop checking, we are done
                    return;
                }
            }

        }

        var byStart = obj.data.trackEvents.byStart,
            byEnd = obj.data.trackEvents.byEnd,
            animating = obj.data.trackEvents.animating,
            idx, sl;

        // remove all trackEvents
        for ( idx = 0, sl = byStart.length; idx < sl; idx++ ) {

            if ( byStart[ idx ] && byStart[ idx ]._natives && byStart[ idx ]._natives.type === name ) {

                byStart[ idx ]._natives._teardown && byStart[ idx ]._natives._teardown.call( obj, byStart[ idx ] );

                byStart.splice( idx, 1 );

                // update for loop if something removed, but keep checking
                idx--; sl--;
                if ( obj.data.trackEvents.startIndex <= idx ) {
                    obj.data.trackEvents.startIndex--;
                    obj.data.trackEvents.endIndex--;
                }
            }

            // clean any remaining references in the end index
            // we do this seperate from the above check because they might not be in the same order
            if ( byEnd[ idx ] && byEnd[ idx ]._natives && byEnd[ idx ]._natives.type === name ) {

                byEnd.splice( idx, 1 );
            }
        }

        //remove all animating events
        for ( idx = 0, sl = animating.length; idx < sl; idx++ ) {

            if ( animating[ idx ] && animating[ idx ]._natives && animating[ idx ]._natives.type === name ) {

                animating.splice( idx, 1 );

                // update for loop if something removed, but keep checking
                idx--; sl--;
            }
        }

    };

    Popcorn.compositions = {};

    //  Plugin inheritance
    Popcorn.compose = function( name, definition, manifest ) {

        //  If `manifest` arg is undefined, check for manifest within the `definition` object
        //  If no `definition.manifest`, an empty object is a sufficient fallback
        Popcorn.manifest[ name ] = manifest = manifest || definition.manifest || {};

        // register the effect by name
        Popcorn.compositions[ name ] = definition;
    };

    Popcorn.plugin.effect = Popcorn.effect = Popcorn.compose;

    var rnaiveExpr = /^(?:\.|#|\[)/;

    //  Basic DOM utilities and helpers API. See #1037
    Popcorn.dom = {
        debug: false,
        //  Popcorn.dom.find( selector, context )
        //
        //  Returns the first element that matches the specified selector
        //  Optionally provide a context element, defaults to `document`
        //
        //  eg.
        //  Popcorn.dom.find("video") returns the first video element
        //  Popcorn.dom.find("#foo") returns the first element with `id="foo"`
        //  Popcorn.dom.find("foo") returns the first element with `id="foo"`
        //     Note: Popcorn.dom.find("foo") is the only allowed deviation
        //           from valid querySelector selector syntax
        //
        //  Popcorn.dom.find(".baz") returns the first element with `class="baz"`
        //  Popcorn.dom.find("[preload]") returns the first element with `preload="..."`
        //  ...
        //  See https://developer.mozilla.org/En/DOM/Document.querySelector
        //
        //
        find: function( selector, context ) {
            var node = null;

            //  Default context is the `document`
            context = context || document;

            if ( selector ) {

                //  If the selector does not begin with "#", "." or "[",
                //  it could be either a nodeName or ID w/o "#"
                if ( !rnaiveExpr.test( selector ) ) {

                    //  Try finding an element that matches by ID first
                    node = document.getElementById( selector );

                    //  If a match was found by ID, return the element
                    if ( node !== null ) {
                        return node;
                    }
                }
                //  Assume no elements have been found yet
                //  Catch any invalid selector syntax errors and bury them.
                try {
                    node = context.querySelector( selector );
                } catch ( e ) {
                    if ( Popcorn.dom.debug ) {
                        throw new Error(e);
                    }
                }
            }
            return node;
        }
    };

    //  Cache references to reused RegExps
    var rparams = /\?/,
        //  XHR Setup object
        setup = {
            ajax: null,
            url: "",
            data: "",
            dataType: "",
            success: Popcorn.nop,
            type: "GET",
            async: true,
            contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8"
        };

    Popcorn.xhr = function( options ) {
        var settings;

        options.dataType = options.dataType && options.dataType.toLowerCase() || null;

        if ( options.dataType &&
            ( options.dataType === "jsonp" || options.dataType === "script" ) ) {

            Popcorn.xhr.getJSONP(
                options.url,
                options.success,
                options.dataType === "script"
            );
            return;
        }

        //  Merge the "setup" defaults and custom "options"
        //  into a new plain object.
        settings = Popcorn.extend( {}, setup, options );

        //  Create new XMLHttpRequest object
        settings.ajax = new XMLHttpRequest();

        if ( settings.ajax ) {

            if ( settings.type === "GET" && settings.data ) {

                //  append query string
                settings.url += ( rparams.test( settings.url ) ? "&" : "?" ) + settings.data;

                //  Garbage collect and reset settings.data
                settings.data = null;
            }

            //  Open the request
            settings.ajax.open( settings.type, settings.url, settings.async );

            //  For POST, set the content-type request header
            if ( settings.type === "POST" ) {
                settings.ajax.setRequestHeader(
                    "Content-Type", settings.contentType
                );
            }

            settings.ajax.send( settings.data || null );

            return Popcorn.xhr.httpData( settings );
        }
    };


    Popcorn.xhr.httpData = function( settings ) {

        var data, json = null,
            parser, xml = null;

        settings.ajax.onreadystatechange = function() {

            if ( settings.ajax.readyState === 4 ) {

                try {
                    json = JSON.parse( settings.ajax.responseText );
                } catch( e ) {
                    //suppress
                }

                data = {
                    xml: settings.ajax.responseXML,
                    text: settings.ajax.responseText,
                    json: json
                };

                // Normalize: data.xml is non-null in IE9 regardless of if response is valid xml
                if ( !data.xml || !data.xml.documentElement ) {
                    data.xml = null;

                    try {
                        parser = new DOMParser();
                        xml = parser.parseFromString( settings.ajax.responseText, "text/xml" );

                        if ( !xml.getElementsByTagName( "parsererror" ).length ) {
                            data.xml = xml;
                        }
                    } catch ( e ) {
                        // data.xml remains null
                    }
                }

                //  If a dataType was specified, return that type of data
                if ( settings.dataType ) {
                    data = data[ settings.dataType ];
                }


                settings.success.call( settings.ajax, data );

            }
        };
        return data;
    };

    Popcorn.xhr.getJSONP = function( url, success, isScript ) {

        var head = document.head || document.getElementsByTagName( "head" )[ 0 ] || document.documentElement,
            script = document.createElement( "script" ),
            isFired = false,
            params = [],
            rjsonp = /(=)\?(?=&|$)|\?\?/,
            replaceInUrl, prefix, paramStr, callback, callparam;

        if ( !isScript ) {

            // is there a calback already in the url
            callparam = url.match( /(callback=[^&]*)/ );

            if ( callparam !== null && callparam.length ) {

                prefix = callparam[ 1 ].split( "=" )[ 1 ];

                // Since we need to support developer specified callbacks
                // and placeholders in harmony, make sure matches to "callback="
                // aren't just placeholders.
                // We coded ourselves into a corner here.
                // JSONP callbacks should never have been
                // allowed to have developer specified callbacks
                if ( prefix === "?" ) {
                    prefix = "jsonp";
                }

                // get the callback name
                callback = Popcorn.guid( prefix );

                // replace existing callback name with unique callback name
                url = url.replace( /(callback=[^&]*)/, "callback=" + callback );
            } else {

                callback = Popcorn.guid( "jsonp" );

                if ( rjsonp.test( url ) ) {
                    url = url.replace( rjsonp, "$1" + callback );
                }

                // split on first question mark,
                // this is to capture the query string
                params = url.split( /\?(.+)?/ );

                // rebuild url with callback
                url = params[ 0 ] + "?";
                if ( params[ 1 ] ) {
                    url += params[ 1 ] + "&";
                }
                url += "callback=" + callback;
            }

            //  Define the JSONP success callback globally
            window[ callback ] = function( data ) {
                // Fire success callbacks
                success && success( data );
                isFired = true;
            };
        }

        script.addEventListener( "load",  function() {

            //  Handling remote script loading callbacks
            if ( isScript ) {
                //  getScript
                success && success();
            }

            //  Executing for JSONP requests
            if ( isFired ) {
                //  Garbage collect the callback
                delete window[ callback ];
            }
            //  Garbage collect the script resource
            head.removeChild( script );
        }, false );

        script.addEventListener( "error",  function( e ) {
            //  Handling remote script loading callbacks
            success && success( { error: e } );

            //  Executing for JSONP requests
            if ( !isScript ) {
                //  Garbage collect the callback
                delete window[ callback ];
            }
            //  Garbage collect the script resource
            head.removeChild( script );
        }, false );

        script.src = url;
        head.insertBefore( script, head.firstChild );

        return;
    };

    Popcorn.getJSONP = Popcorn.xhr.getJSONP;

    Popcorn.getScript = Popcorn.xhr.getScript = function( url, success ) {

        return Popcorn.xhr.getJSONP( url, success, true );
    };

    Popcorn.util = {
        // Simple function to parse a timestamp into seconds
        // Acceptable formats are:
        // HH:MM:SS.MMM
        // HH:MM:SS;FF
        // Hours and minutes are optional. They default to 0
        toSeconds: function( timeStr, framerate ) {
            // Hours and minutes are optional
            // Seconds must be specified
            // Seconds can be followed by milliseconds OR by the frame information
            var validTimeFormat = /^([0-9]+:){0,2}[0-9]+([.;][0-9]+)?$/,
                errorMessage = "Invalid time format",
                digitPairs, lastIndex, lastPair, firstPair,
                frameInfo, frameTime;

            if ( typeof timeStr === "number" ) {
                return timeStr;
            }

            if ( typeof timeStr === "string" &&
                !validTimeFormat.test( timeStr ) ) {
                Popcorn.error( errorMessage );
            }

            digitPairs = timeStr.split( ":" );
            lastIndex = digitPairs.length - 1;
            lastPair = digitPairs[ lastIndex ];

            // Fix last element:
            if ( lastPair.indexOf( ";" ) > -1 ) {

                frameInfo = lastPair.split( ";" );
                frameTime = 0;

                if ( framerate && ( typeof framerate === "number" ) ) {
                    frameTime = parseFloat( frameInfo[ 1 ], 10 ) / framerate;
                }

                digitPairs[ lastIndex ] = parseInt( frameInfo[ 0 ], 10 ) + frameTime;
            }

            firstPair = digitPairs[ 0 ];

            return {

                1: parseFloat( firstPair, 10 ),

                2: ( parseInt( firstPair, 10 ) * 60 ) +
                parseFloat( digitPairs[ 1 ], 10 ),

                3: ( parseInt( firstPair, 10 ) * 3600 ) +
                ( parseInt( digitPairs[ 1 ], 10 ) * 60 ) +
                parseFloat( digitPairs[ 2 ], 10 )

            }[ digitPairs.length || 1 ];
        }
    };

    // alias for exec function
    Popcorn.p.cue = Popcorn.p.exec;

    //  Protected API methods
    Popcorn.protect = {
        natives: getKeys( Popcorn.p ).map(function( val ) {
            return val.toLowerCase();
        })
    };

    // Setup logging for deprecated methods
    Popcorn.forEach({
        // Deprecated: Recommended
        "listen": "on",
        "unlisten": "off",
        "trigger": "emit",
        "exec": "cue"

    }, function( recommend, api ) {
        var original = Popcorn.p[ api ];
        // Override the deprecated api method with a method of the same name
        // that logs a warning and defers to the new recommended method
        Popcorn.p[ api ] = function() {
            if ( typeof console !== "undefined" && console.warn ) {
                console.warn(
                    "Deprecated method '" + api + "', " +
                    (recommend == null ? "do not use." : "use '" + recommend + "' instead." )
                );

                // Restore api after first warning
                Popcorn.p[ api ] = original;
            }
            return Popcorn.p[ recommend ].apply( this, [].slice.call( arguments ) );
        };
    });


    //  Exposes Popcorn to global context
    global.Popcorn = Popcorn;

})(window, window.document);